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'''官能團'''者，又曰'''官能基'''、'''功能團'''，賦性[[官品]]之[[原子]]、原子團也。

較之原子團，官能團者無荷，性烈而難獨存於世矣，原子團者帶荷而性穩。

==常見之徒==
===烴基===
[[π鍵]]之異，賦其性。盡列如下。''注''：烷烴基（甲基、亞甲基之類）非官能團也，而苯基者是也。
{| class="wikitable" style="background: #ffffff; text-align: center;width:800px"
|-
! 類
! 名
! [[化學式|式]]
! [[結構式|構]]
! 英語首碼
! 英語尾碼
! 例
|-
| [[烷烴]] || [[烷基]]
| <chem>CR</chem>
| [[File:Alkyl-(general)-skeletal.svg|75px|Alkyl]]
| alkyl- || -ane
| [[File:Methane-2D-stereo.svg|75px|methane]]<br />[[甲烷]]
|-
| [[烯烴]] || 烯基
| <chem>R2C=CR2</chem>
| [[File:Alkene-2D-skeletal.svg|75px|Alkene]]
| alkenyl- || -ene
| [[File:Ethylene.svg|75px|ethylene]]<br />[[乙烯]]
|-
| [[炔烴]] || 炔基
| <chem>RC\equiv CR</chem>
| [[File:Alkyne general.svg|100px|Alkyne]]
| alkynyl- || -yne
| [[File:Acetylene-2D.svg|100px|acetylene]]<br />[[乙炔]]
|-
|-
| [[苯]]類
| [[苯基]]
| <chem>RC6H5</chem><br /><chem>RPh</chem>
| [[File:Phenyl-group.svg|75px|Phenyl]]
| phenyl- || -benzene
| [[File:Cumene-skeletal.svg|50px|Cumene]]<br />[[異丙苯]]
|-
| [[甲苯]]之類
| [[苄基]]
| <chem>RCH2C6H5</chem><br /><chem>RBn</chem>
| [[File:Benzyl-group.svg|75px|Benzyl]]
| benzyl-
| 1-(''substituent'')toluene
| [[File:Benzyl-bromide-skeletal.svg|100px|Benzyl bromide]]<br />[[溴甲苯]]
|-
|}

===含鹵===
鹵代烴者，含碳-[[鹵素|鹵]]鍵也，性因鹵類之異而變，可作[[親核取代反應|親核取代]]、[[消去反應|消去]]之效。（[[氟代烴]]不從之）
{| class="wikitable" style="background: #ffffff; text-align: center;width:800px"
|-
! 類
! 名
! [[化學式|式]]
! [[結構式|構]]
! 英語首碼
! 英語尾碼
! 例
|-
| [[鹵代烷]] || 鹵代
| RX
| [[File:Halide-group.svg|50px|Halide group]]
| halo- || alkyl '''halide'''
| [[File:Chloroethane-skeletal.png|75px|Chloroethane]]<br />[[氯乙烷]]
|-
| [[氟代烷]] || 氟代
| RF
| [[File:Fluoro-group.svg|50px|Fluoro group]]
| fluoro- || alkyl '''fluoride'''
| [[File:Fluoromethane.svg|75px|Fluoromethane]]<br />[[一氟甲烷]]
|-
| [[氯代烷]] || 氯代
| RCl
| [[File:Chloro-group.svg|50px|Chloro group]]
| chloro- || alkyl '''chloride'''
| [[File:Chloromethane.svg|75px|Chloromethane]]<br />[[一氯甲烷]]
|-
| [[溴代烷]] || 溴代
| RBr
| [[File:Bromo-group.svg|50px|Bromo group]]
| bromo- || alkyl '''bromide'''
| [[File:Methyl bromide.svg|75px|Bromomethane]]<br />[[一溴甲烷]]
|-
| [[碘代烷]] || 碘代
| RI
| [[File:Alkyl iodide.svg|50px|Iodo group]]
| iodo- || alkyl '''iodide'''
| [[File:Iodomethane.svg|75px|Iodomethane]]<br />[[一碘甲烷]]
|-
|}

===含氧===
碳氧鍵性之異，蓋因其原子[[雜化]]程度。sp<sup>2</sup>雜化氧具[[吸電子之效]]，而sp<sup>3</sup>則具[[給電子之效]]。
{| class="wikitable" style="background: #ffffff; text-align: center;width:800px"
|-
! 類
! 名
! [[化學式|式]]
! [[結構式|構]]
! 英語首碼
! 英語尾碼
! 例
|-
| [[醯鹵]] || 鹵代甲醯基
| RCOX
| [[File:Acyl-halide-skeletal2D.svg|75px|Acyl halide]]
| haloformyl- || -oyl halide
| [[File:Acetyl-chloride.svg|75px|Acetyl chloride]]<br />[[乙醯氯]]
|-
| [[醇]] || [[羥基]]
| ROH
| [[File:Hydroxy-group-bw.svg|60px|Hydroxyl]]
| hydroxy- || -ol
| [[File:Methanol-2D.png|70px|methanol]]<br />[[甲醇]]
|-
| [[酮]] || [[羰基]]
| RCOR'
| [[File:Ketone-skeletal.png|Ketone|75px]]
| keto-, oxo- || -one
| [[File:Butanone-structure-skeletal.png|75px|Butanone]]<br />[[丁酮]]
|-
| [[醛]] || [[醛基]]
| RCHO
| [[File:Skeletal formula of an aldehyde group.svg|75px|Aldehyde]]
| aldo- || -al
| [[File:Acetaldehyde-skeletal.png|75px|acetaldehyde]]<br />[[乙醛]]
|-
|[[碳酸酯]]
| [[碳酸酯]]
| ROCOOR
| [[File:Carbonate-group-skeletal.svg|75px|Carbonate]]
|
| alkyl '''carbonate'''
|
|-
| [[羧酸鹽]]
| [[羧酸根]] || RCOO<sup>−</sup>
| [[File:Carboxylate-resonance-hybrid.svg|65px|Carboxylate]]<br />
[[File:Carboxylate-canonical-forms.svg|85px|Carboxylate]]
| carboxy- || -oate
| [[File:Sodium-acetate-2D-skeletal.png|75px|Sodium acetate]]<br />[[乙酸鈉]]
|-
| [[羧酸]]
| [[羧基]] || RCOOH
| [[File:Carboxylic-acid-skeletal.svg|75px|Carboxylic acid]]
| carboxy- || -oic acid
| [[File:Acetic-acid-2D-skeletal.svg|75px|Acetic acid]]<br />[[乙酸]]
|-
| [[醚]] || [[醚]]
| ROR'
| [[File:Ether-(general).svg|65px|Ether]]
| alkoxy-
| alkyl alkyl '''ether'''
| [[File:Diethyl ether chemical structure.svg|75px|Diethyl ether]]<br />[[乙醚]]
|-
| [[酯]] || [[酯]]
| RCOOR'
| [[File:Ester-skeletal.svg|Ester|75px]]
|  alkoxycarbonyl- || alkyl alkan'''oate'''
| [[File:Ethyl butyrate.png|100px|Ethyl butyrate]]<br />[[丁酸乙酯]]
|-
| [[有機過氧化物|氫過氧化物]]
| [[有機過氧化物|氫過氧基]]
| ROOH
| [[File:Hydroperoxide-group-2D.svg|75px|Hydroperoxy]]
| hydroperoxy-
| alkyl '''hydroperoxide'''
| [[File:Methyl-ethyl-ketone-peroxide-2D-skeletal.png|75px|Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide]]<br />[[過氧化甲乙酮]]
|-
| [[有機過氧化物|過氧化物]]
| [[有機過氧化物|過氧基]]
| ROOR
| [[File:Peroxy-group.svg|75px|Peroxy]]
| peroxy-
| alkyl '''peroxide'''
| [[File:Di-tert-butyl peroxide.svg|75px|Di-tert-butyl peroxide]]<br />[[二叔丁基過氧化物]]
|-
|}

===含氮===
{| class="wikitable" style="background: #ffffff; text-align: center;width:800px"
|-
! 類
! 名
! [[化學式|式]]
! [[結構式|構]]
! 英語首碼
! 英語尾碼
! 例
|-
| [[醯胺]] || [[醯胺]]
| RCONR<sub>2</sub>
| [[File:Amide-(tertiary)-skeletal.svg|75px|Amide]]
| carboxamido- || -amide
| [[File:Acetamide skeletal.svg|75px|acetamide]]<br />[[乙醯胺]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[胺]]
| [[胺|伯胺]]
| RNH<sub>2</sub>
| [[File:1°-amino-group.png|75px|Primary amine]]
| amino- || -amine
| [[File:Methylamine-2D.png|75px|methylamine]]<br />[[甲胺]]
|-
| [[胺|仲胺]]
| R<sub>2</sub>NH
| [[File:Amine-(secondary).png|75px|Secondary amine]]
| amino- || -amine
| [[File:Dimethylamine-2D.png|75px|dimethylamine]]<br />[[二甲胺]]
|-
| [[胺|叔胺]]
| R<sub>3</sub>N
| [[File:Amine-(tertiary).png|75px|Tertiary amine]]
| amino- || -amine
| [[File:Trimethylamine chemical structure.png|75px|trimethylamine]]<br />[[三甲胺]]
|-
| [[季銨鹽]]<br />[[季銨陽離子]]
| R<sub>4</sub>N<sup>+</sup>
| [[File:Quaternary-ammonium-cation.svg|75px|Quaternary ammonium cation]]
| ammonio- || -ammonium
| [[File:Choline-skeletal.svg|150px|choline]]<br />[[膽鹼]]
|-
|rowspan="4" | [[亞胺]]
| [[亞胺|一級酮亞胺]]
| RC(=NH)R'
| [[File:Imine-(primary)-skeletal.svg|75px|Imine]]
| imino- || -imine
| 
|-
| [[亞胺|二級酮亞胺]]
| RC(=NR'')R'
| [[File:Imine-(secondary)-skeletal.svg|75px|Imine]]
| imino- || -imine
| 
|-
| [[亞胺|一級醛亞胺]]
| RC(=NH)H
| [[File:Aldimine-(primary)-skeletal.svg|75px|Imine]]
| imino- || -imine
| 
|-
| [[亞胺|二級醛亞胺]]
| RC(=NR')H
| [[File:Aldimine-(secondary)-skeletal.svg|75px|Imine]]
| imino- || -imine
| 
|-
| [[醯亞胺]] || [[醯亞胺]]
| RC(=O)NC(=O)R'
| [[File:Imide-group.svg|75px|Imide]]
| imido- || -imide
|
|-
| [[疊氮化物]]
| [[疊氮根]]
| RN<sub>3</sub>
| [[File:Azide-2D.svg|75px|Organoazide]]
| azido- || alkyl '''azide'''
| [[File:Phenyl azide-chemical.png|75px|Phenyl azide]]<br/>[[疊氮苯]]
|-
| [[偶氮化合物]]
| [[偶氮基]]
| RN<sub>2</sub>R'
| [[File:Azo-group.svg|75px|Azo.pngl]]
| azo- || -diazene
| [[File:Methyl-orange-skeletal.png|150px|Methyl orange]]<br/>[[甲基黃]]
|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[氰酸酯]]
| [[氰酸酯]] || ROCN
| [[File:Cyanate-group.svg|75px|Cyanate]]
| cyanato-
| alkyl '''cyanate'''
|
|-
| [[異腈]] || RNC
| [[File:Isocyanide-2D.png|75px|Isocyanide]]
| isocyano-
| alkyl '''isocyanide'''
| 
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[異氰酸酯]]
| [[異氰酸酯]] || RNCO
| [[File:Isocyanate-group.svg|75px|Isocyanate]]
| isocyanato-
| alkyl '''isocyanate'''
| [[File:Methyl-isocyanate.svg|75px|Methyl isocyanate]]<br />[[異氰酸甲酯]]
|-
| [[異硫氰酸酯]] || RNCS
| [[File:Isothiocyanate-group.svg|75px|Isothiocyanate]]
| isothiocyanato-
| alkyl '''isothiocyanate'''
| [[File:Allyl-isothiocyanate-2D-skeletal.png|100px|Allyl isothiocyanate]]<br />[[異硫氰酸烯丙酯]]
|-
| [[硝酸酯]] || [[硝酸酯]]
| RONO<sub>2</sub>
| [[File:Nitrate-group-2D.svg|75px|Nitrate]]
| nitrooxy-, nitroxy- || 
alkyl '''nitrate'''
| [[File:Amyl nitrate.svg|150px|Amyl nitrate]]<br/>[[硝酸正戊酯]]
|-
| [[腈]] || [[氰基]]
| RCN
| [[File:Nitril (vzorec).svg|75px|Nitrile]]
| cyano- || 
alkane'''nitrile'''<br />
alkyl '''cyanide'''
| [[File:Benzonitrile structure.png|75px|Benzonitrile]]<br />[[苯甲腈]]
|-
| [[亞硝酸酯]] || [[亞硝酸酯]]
| RONO
| [[File:Nitrite-group-2D.svg|75px|Nitrite]]
| nitrosooxy- || 
alkyl '''nitrite'''
| [[File:Amyl nitrite.svg|150px|Amyl nitrite]]<br/>[[亞硝酸異戊酯]]
|-
| [[硝基化合物]]
| [[硝基]]
| RNO<sub>2</sub>
| [[File:Nitro-group.svg|75px|Nitro]]
| nitro- || &nbsp;
| [[File:Nitromethane2.png|75px|Nitromethane]]<br />[[硝基甲烷]]
|-
| [[亞硝基化合物]]
| [[亞硝基]] || RNO
| [[File:Nitroso-compound-2D.svg|75px|Nitroso]]
| nitroso- || &nbsp;
| [[File:Nitrosobenzene.png|75px|Nitrosobenzene]]<br />[[亞硝基苯]]
|-
| [[吡啶]]之類
| [[吡啶|吡啶基]]
| RC<sub>5</sub>H<sub>4</sub>N
| 
[[File:4-pyridyl.svg|75px|4-pyridyl group]]<br />
[[File:3-pyridyl.svg|75px|3-pyridyl group]]<br />
[[File:2-pyridyl.svg|75px|2-pyridyl group]]<br />
| 
4-pyridyl<br />(pyridin-4-yl)<br /><br />
3-pyridyl<br />(pyridin-3-yl)<br /><br />
2-pyridyl<br />(pyridin-2-yl)
| -pyridine
| [[File:Nicotine skeletal.svg|75px|Nicotine]]<br />[[尼古丁]]
|-
|}

===含磷、硫===
較之[[氮]][[氧]]，[[磷]][[硫]]者能生之鍵較盈矣。
{| class="wikitable" style="background: #ffffff; text-align: center;width:800px"
|-
! 類
! 名
! [[化學式|式]]
! [[結構式|構]]
! 英語首碼
! 英語尾碼
! 例
|-
| [[膦]] || [[膦]]
| R<sub>3</sub>P
| [[File:Phosphine-general.svg|75px|A tertiary phosphine]]
| phosphino- || -phosphane
| [[File:Methylpropylphosphane-skeletal.svg|75px|Methylpropylphosphane]]<br />甲基丙基膦
|-
| [[磷酸二酯鍵|磷酸二酯]]
| [[磷酸酯]]
| HOPO(OR)<sub>2</sub>
| [[File:Phosphodiester-group.svg|75px|Phosphodiester]]
| phosphoric acid di(''substituent'') ester
| di(''substituent'') hydrogenphosphate
| [[DNA]]
|-
| [[亞磷酸酯]] || 亞磷酸酯
| RP(=O)(OH)<sub>2</sub>
| [[File:Phosphonic-acid.svg|75px|Phosphono group]]
| phosphono-
| ''substituent'' phosphonic acid
| [[File:Benzylphosphonic-acid-2D-skeletal.png|100px|Benzylphosphonic acid]]<br />亞磷酸苄酯
|-
| [[磷酸酯]] || 磷酸酯
| ROP(=O)(OH)<sub>2</sub>
| [[File:Phosphate-group.svg|75px|Phosphate group]]
| phospho- || 
| [[File:G3P-2D-skeletal.png|100px|Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate]]<br />[[3-磷酸甘油醛]]
|-
| [[硫醚]]
| 硫醚
| RSR'
| [[File:Sulfide-group-2D.svg|65px|Sulfide group]]
| 
| di(''substituent'') sulfide
| [[File:Dimethylsulfide.png|75px|Dimethyl sulfide]]<br />[[二甲基硫醚]]
|-
| [[碸]]
| 磺醯基
| RSO<sub>2</sub>R'
| [[File:Sulfone-2D.svg|75px|Sulfonyl group]]
| sulfonyl-
| di(''substituent'') sulfone
| [[File:DMSO2.svg|75px|Dimethyl sulfone]]<br />[[二甲基碸]]
|-
| [[磺酸]] || 磺酸基
| RSO<sub>3</sub>H
| [[File:Sulfonic-acid.svg|75px|Sulfonyl group]]
| sulfo-
| ''substituent'' '''sulfonic acid'''
| [[File:Benzenesulfonic-acid-2D-skeletal.png|75px|Benzenesulfonic acid]]<br />[[苯磺酸]]
|-
| [[亞碸]]
| 亞磺醯基
| RSOR'
| [[File:Sulfoxide-2D.svg|75px|Sulfinyl group]]
| sulfinyl-
| di(''substituent'') '''sulfoxide'''
| [[File:Diphenyl-sulfoxide.png|75px|Diphenyl sulfoxide]]<br />二苯基亞碸
|-
| [[硫醇]]
| [[巰基]]
| RSH
| [[File:Thiol-group.svg|65px|Sulfhydryl]]
| mercapto-, sulfanyl-
| -thiol
| [[File:Ethanethiol-skeletal.png|75px|Ethanethiol]]<br />[[乙硫醇]]
|-
| [[硫氰酸酯]] 
| [[硫氰酸酯]] || RSCN
| [[File:Thiocyanate-group.svg|75px|Thiocyanate]]
| thiocyanato-
| alkyl '''thiocyanate'''
| 
|-
| [[二硫化物]] || [[二硫鍵]]
| RSSR'
| [[File:Disulfide general formula.svg|75px|Disulfide]] 
|
| alkyl alkyl disulfide
| [[File:Diphenyl disulfide.svg|130px|Diphenyl disulfide]]<br />[[二苯基二硫化物]]
|-
|}

==參==
*[[官品]]
*[[IUPAC命名法]]

{{官能團}}

[[Category:有機化學]]